Atomic and Molecular structure
An atom is made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons are positively charged and they denote the atomic number. Neutrons have no electrical charge. Protons and neutrons are present in the nucleus. Electrons are negatively charged and present in the orbits surrounding the nucleus. Isotopes have same number of protons but different number of neutrons. Loss or gain of electrons is seen in ions. Sharing electrons form covalent bond in molecules.  Hydrogen bond is a type of intermolecular attraction among polar molecules such as water. 

Types of organic molecules
Organic molecules are those derived from living organisms and they all contain carbon backbones.  There are 7 major classes of organic molecules categorized by their functional groups: alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, organic phosphates and thiols.  Four major groups of macromolecules in cells are polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids.  Each of these macromolecules is built up on smaller molecules.

Acids, basis and buffers
Acids are electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water.  Bases are electrolytes that release hydroxyl ions in water that can combine with hydrogen ions to form water.  pH represents the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in solution (pH = -log [H+]).  Buffer solutions are solutions which resist change in pH upon addition of small amounts of acid or base. Buffers provide a relatively stable environment for biochemical reactions to take place.

Biochemical reactions

An atom is made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. Isotopes have same number of protons but different number of neutrons. Loss or gain of electrons forms ion bonds, sharing electrons forms covalent bonds.  Intermolecular attractions among polar molecules bridged by hydrogen are termed hydrogen bonds, which are usually weaker than ion or covalent bonds.  Biochemical reactions are usually involves breaking old covalent bonds and forming new ones.  Nearly all biochemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes and occur in a buffer system which provides relative stable condition for enzymes to be active.  Four major classes of macromolecules in biochemistry are polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

• Concept maps to describe relationships between chemicals and biology
• Colorful straightforward drawing to describe atomic structures
• Chemical structures on important organic molecules
• Direct explanation on buffer and pH
• Graphic explanation on biochemical reactions

Atomic and Molecular Structure

• Atomic structure
• Electrons and energy
• Chemical bonds
• Water as the cradle of the life

Organic Molecules

• Definition
• Molecular formula
• Chemical bonds in organic molecules
• Types of organic molecules
• Important organic molecules and macromolecules

Acids, Bases and Buffers

• Definition
• pH
• Buffering mechanism

Biochemical Reactions

• The thermodynamics and DG
• Coupled reactions
• Types of biochemical reactions
• Enzymes in biochemical reactions